Linguistics and Language Essay

1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods employ by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers be believed to strongly affect the vogue each defines psycho linguals. please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010).OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of claim in which the goals are to understand how pot acquire wrangle, how people use wording to speak and understand one some other, and how vocabulary is represented and transitioned in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also cogitate to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and spoken communication science (Fernandez 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of manner of speaking psycholinguistics is the name given to t he battlefield of the psychological processes involved in dustup.Psycholinguists subject area understanding, producing, and remembering linguistic process, and hence are pertain with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) OPsycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employ in the compend of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language affect. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension.( William OGrady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001 OPsycholinguistics, in that respect is a constant exchange of information amid psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who subscribe to how language is represented in the brain. There are also decision links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in language processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that arsehole turn deliverance into writing and programs that place recognize the human voice.(John Field, Psycholinguistics A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of some(prenominal) linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork 1973) O.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying fellowship and abilities which people must have in army to use language in childhood.I say underlying knowledge and abilities because language, like any transcriptions of human knowledge, can only be inferr ed from the careful study of overt behavior. (Dan Isaac Slobin 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. 2.Linguistic analysis might use standardized language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, fussyly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, hold forth analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguistics study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language.Semantics i s one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the message of delivery, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used. Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the said(prenominal) general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with peoples ability to use language meaningfully.While semantics is concerned with a speakers competence to use the language transcription in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending). Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and h istorical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior.Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork 1973) Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language.It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic rules. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge Cambridge University Press). Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semant ic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people utilise language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. 3.The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis. Language production based on Levelt, speech production dual-lane into four stage I. Conceptualization and reflexion Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are formed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking.Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize confabulation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process .but this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to colligation. IV. ego-Monitoring Self monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear sensory(a) on what they themselve saying. Language acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words-0 and sentences-1 to communicate. Langua ge acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950s.Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke children carry languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such(prenominal) principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a language acquisition construction or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the childs brain.In other point of view There are quintuple stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage. Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by l isteners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker mean to convey. (Clark and Clark 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds.While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and coordination compound processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985 Byrnes 1984 Call 1985 Howard 1985 Pearson 1985 Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes.The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following edicts, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process persistent term memory is dealt with the process of utilization.In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) man the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, thither m ay be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new.5. Production of a speech requires speakers to designing what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken-2 words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics-3 formulated and then in the long run are articulated by the motor system-4 in thevocal apparatus-5.Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a somebody creates the words of a conversation-6, reaction such as when they name a picture or read-7 aloud a written word-8, or a vocal false such as in speech repetition-9. Speech production is not the same as language production since language-10 can also be produced manuall y by signs-11. The production of spoken language-12 involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization-13 in which the intention-14 to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed.The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic-15 form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic-16 frame, and phonological-17 encoding which specifies the phonetic-18 form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation-19 which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics-20 of a word and the motor coordination-21 of appropriate phonation-22 and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue-23, lips-24, jaw-25, andother parts. (Levelt, WJ (1999).Models of word production. -26. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6) 223232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to t his statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through simulated alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular adults speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical.In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances.Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (200136) gives another opinion that the child who is learnin g language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word night when told the word dark, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word light when presented with the same word dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates.7.Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? this utterance May be in giving support or stir up somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrants discourse ( at least consisting of ten sentences).Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama.Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology-27. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud-28s crowd behavior theo ry is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually.The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. to each one members enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of ones actions. another(prenominal) major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard-29, Gustave Le Bon-30, Wilfred Trotter-31, Gabriel Tarde-32,Sigmund Freud-33, Elias Canetti-34, Steve Reicher-35 and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed.OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally blossom forth process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fa ct, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what good-hearted of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b.children everyplace acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule.Based on (Fernandez 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first class and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing length finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood.Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. Wh ile there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly.However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a persons ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references Clark, H. H. and E. V.Clark (1977)Psycholog y and Language, brisk York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001) Psycholinguistic Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001) Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang Sukabina Press -0 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word -1 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) -2 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken-3 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic -4 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_system -5 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus -6 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversation -7 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) -8 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing -9 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition -10 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language -11 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language -12 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Spoken_language -13 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization.-14 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ pattern -15 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language -16 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic -17 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological -18 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic -19 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation -20 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics -21 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination -22 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation -23 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tongue -24 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip -25 http//en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw -26 http//www. columbia. edu/rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf -27 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_psychology -28 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud -29 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard -30 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon -31 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter -32 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde -33 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud -34 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti -35 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher